A sweeping genetic study of howler monkeys has revealed two previously unrecognized species in the Amazon, identified a potentially distinct species in the Caribbean and prompted researchers to reconsider how several populations are classified. The new study examined genetic relationships across the genus Alouatta, using genomic data, physical characteristics and museum specimens. Researchers formally described two Amazonian red howler monkeys: the Pantepui red howler monkey (Alouatta iroi) in northwestern Amazonia and the Mato Grosso red howler monkey (Alouatta matogrossensis) in the southern Brazilian Amazon. The research builds on more than a decade of fieldwork and sample collection. Lead author Romina Batista, a biologist at the University of Salford (UK) and Brazil’s National Institute of Amazonian Research, analyzed more than 2 terabytes of raw genomic data. The scale of the dataset helped reveal evolutionary differences that earlier studies had missed. While examining the results, Batista noticed that monkeys on opposite sides of the Branco River in northern Brazil formed distinct genetic lineages. Physical differences, including the more yellowish fur of A. iroi, supported the findings. “When I saw that, I literally called Jean and I said, ‘Jean, there is something different here,’” Batista said, referring to co-author Jean Boubli. Historical museum specimens also helped researchers identify characteristics distinguishing the populations. Batista said the findings demonstrate the importance of preserving natural history collections, which allowed the scientists to revisit older specimens with newer research tools. “If it was not for the natural history museums holding all this information, I think we also…This article was originally published on Mongabay

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