For over 20 million years, the landscape of Europe has been a tree-rich mosaic of grasslands, scrubs and more or less open woodlands with an abundance of wildflowers. This is the conclusion of a new and comprehensive study of Europe's vegetation history—a study that suggests modern afforestation runs counter to the continent's long-term ecological trajectory.

For over 20 million years, the landscape of Europe has been a tree-rich mosaic of grasslands, scrubs and more or less open woodlands with an abundance of wildflowers. This is the conclusion of a new and comprehensive study of Europe’s vegetation history—a study that suggests modern afforestation runs counter to the continent’s long-term ecological trajectory.

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